# References: The Peer-Reviewed Literature Behind This Digest

> Complete citation list for the BPC-157 TB-500 GHK-Cu blend research digest — peer-reviewed papers on angiogenesis, tissue repair, collagen synthesis, and pharmacokinetics. DOIs and PubMed links.

## BPC-157 Studies

[1] Hsieh MJ, Liu HT, Wang CN, et al. Therapeutic potential of pro-angiogenic BPC157 is associated with VEGFR2 activation and up-regulation. *Journal of Molecular Medicine (Berlin)*. 2017;95(3):323-333. DOI: 10.1007/s00109-016-1488-y — https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/27847966/

[2] Hsieh MJ, Lee CH, Chueh HY, et al. Modulatory effects of BPC 157 on vasomotor tone and the activation of Src-Caveolin-1-endothelial nitric oxide synthase pathway. *Scientific Reports*. 2020;10:17078. DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-74022-y — https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33051481/

[3] Chang CH, Tsai WC, Hsu YH, Pang JH. Pentadecapeptide BPC 157 enhances the growth hormone receptor expression in tendon fibroblasts. *Molecules*. 2014;19(11):19066-19077. DOI: 10.3390/molecules191119066 — https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/25415472/

[4] Krivic A, Anic T, Seiwerth S, Huljev D, Sikiric P. Achilles detachment in rat and stable gastric pentadecapeptide BPC 157: Promoted tendon-to-bone healing and opposed corticosteroid aggravation. *Journal of Orthopaedic Research*. 2006;24(5):982-989. DOI: 10.1002/jor.20096 — https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/16583442/

[5] Ilic S, Drmic D, Franjic S, et al. Pentadecapeptide BPC 157 and its effects on a NSAID toxicity model: diclofenac-induced gastrointestinal, liver, and encephalopathy lesions. *Life Sciences*. 2011;88(11-12):535-542. DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2011.01.015 — https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/21295044/

[6] Huang T, Zhang K, Sun L, et al. Body protective compound-157 enhances alkali-burn wound healing in vivo and promotes proliferation, migration, and angiogenesis in vitro. *Drug Design, Development and Therapy*. 2015;9:2485-2499. DOI: 10.2147/DDDT.S82030 — https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/25995620/

[7] He L, Feng D, Guo H, et al. Pharmacokinetics, distribution, metabolism, and excretion of body-protective compound 157 in rats and dogs. *Frontiers in Pharmacology*. 2022;13:1026182. DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2022.1026182 — https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC9794587/

[8] Cerovecki T, Bojanic I, Brcic L, et al. Pentadecapeptide BPC 157 (PL 14736) improves ligament healing in the rat. *Journal of Orthopaedic Research*. 2010;28(9):1155-1161. DOI: 10.1002/jor.21107 — https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/20225319/

[20] Brcic L, Brcic I, Staresinic M, et al. Modulatory effect of gastric pentadecapeptide BPC 157 on angiogenesis in muscle and tendon healing. *Journal of Physiology and Pharmacology*. 2009;60 Suppl 7:191-196. — https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/20388964/

[21] McGuire FP, Martinez R, Lenz A, Skinner L, Cushman DM. Regeneration or Risk? A Narrative Review of BPC-157 for Musculoskeletal Healing. *Current Reviews in Musculoskeletal Medicine*. 2025;18(12):611-619. DOI: 10.1007/s12178-025-09990-7 — https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/40789979/

[22] Sikiric P, Seiwerth S, Rucman R, et al. Stable gastric pentadecapeptide BPC 157: novel therapy in gastrointestinal tract. *Current Pharmaceutical Design*. 2011;17(16):1612-1632. DOI: 10.2174/138161211796196954 — https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/21548867/

[25] Sikiric P, Blagaic AB, Strbe S, et al. The Stable Gastric Pentadecapeptide BPC 157 Pleiotropic Beneficial Activity and Its Possible Relations with Neurotransmitter Activity. *Pharmaceuticals (Basel)*. 2024;17(4):461. DOI: 10.3390/ph17040461 — https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/38675421/

[R5] Seiwerth S, Milavic M, Vukojevic J, et al. Stable Gastric Pentadecapeptide BPC 157 and Wound Healing. *Frontiers in Pharmacology*. 2021;12:627533. DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2021.627533 — https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34267654/

## TB-500 / Thymosin Beta-4 Studies

[9] Philp D, Kleinman HK. Animal studies with thymosin beta, a multifunctional tissue repair and regeneration peptide. *Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences*. 2010;1194:81-86. DOI: 10.1111/j.1749-6632.2010.05479.x — https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/20536453/

[10] Malinda KM, Sidhu GS, Mani H, et al. Thymosin beta4 accelerates wound healing. *Journal of Investigative Dermatology*. 1999;113(3):364-368. DOI: 10.1046/j.1523-1747.1999.00708.x — https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/10469335/

[11] Philp D, Goldstein AL, Kleinman HK. Thymosin beta4 promotes angiogenesis, wound healing, and hair follicle development. *Mechanisms of Ageing and Development*. 2004;125(2):113-115. DOI: 10.1016/j.mad.2003.11.005 — https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/15037013/

[12] Gao X, Liang H, Hou F, et al. Thymosin Beta-4 Induces Mouse Hair Growth. *PLoS One*. 2015;10(6):e0130040. DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0130040 — https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/26083021/

[13] Philp D, St-Surin S, Cha HJ, et al. Thymosin beta 4 induces hair growth via stem cell migration and differentiation. *Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences*. 2007;1112:95-103. DOI: 10.1196/annals.1415.009 — https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/17947589/

[19] Goldstein AL, Hannappel E, Sosne G, Kleinman HK. Thymosin beta4: a multi-functional regenerative peptide. *Expert Opinion on Biological Therapy*. 2012;12(1):37-51. DOI: 10.1517/14712598.2012.634793 — https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/22074294/

[R4] Nguyen J, Verma S, Vuong VT, et al. Engineered Tandem Thymosin Peptide Promotes Corneal Wound Healing. *Investigative Ophthalmology and Visual Science*. 2025;66(14):31. DOI: 10.1167/iovs.66.14.31 — https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/41235866/

## GHK-Cu Studies

[14] Pickart L, Vasquez-Soltero JM, Margolina A. GHK Peptide as a Natural Modulator of Multiple Cellular Pathways in Skin Regeneration. *BioMed Research International*. 2015;2015:648108. DOI: 10.1155/2015/648108 — https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC4508379/

[15] Pickart L, Margolina A. Regenerative and Protective Actions of the GHK-Cu Peptide in the Light of the New Gene Data. *International Journal of Molecular Sciences*. 2018;19(7):1987. DOI: 10.3390/ijms19071987 — https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC6073405/

[16] Maquart FX, Pickart L, Laurent M, Gillery P, Monboisse JC, Borel JP. Stimulation of collagen synthesis in fibroblast cultures by the tripeptide-copper complex glycyl-L-histidyl-L-lysine-Cu2+. *FEBS Letters*. 1988;238(2):343-346. DOI: 10.1016/0014-5793(88)80509-x — https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/3169264/

[17] Wang X, Liu B, Xu Q, et al. GHK-Cu-liposomes accelerate scald wound healing in mice by promoting cell proliferation and angiogenesis. *Wound Repair and Regeneration*. 2017;25(2):270-278. DOI: 10.1111/wrr.12520 — https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/28370978/

[18] Pyo HK, Yoo HG, Won CH, et al. The effect of tripeptide-copper complex on human hair growth in vitro. *Archives of Pharmaceutical Research*. 2007;30(7):834-839. DOI: 10.1007/BF02978833 — https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/17703734/

[23] Pickart L, Vasquez-Soltero JM, Margolina A. The Effect of the Human Peptide GHK on Gene Expression Relevant to Nervous System Function and Cognitive Decline. *Brain Sciences*. 2017;7(2):20. DOI: 10.3390/brainsci7020020 — https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/28212278/

[24] Pickart L, Margolina A. Regenerative and Protective Actions of the GHK-Cu Peptide. *International Journal of Molecular Sciences*. 2018;19(7):1987. [reconstitution and chemistry reference] DOI: 10.3390/ijms19071987 — https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC6073405/

[26] Mortazavi SM, Mohammadi Vadoud SA, Moghimi HR. Topically applied GHK as an anti-wrinkle peptide: Advantages, problems and prospective. *Bioimpacts*. 2024;15:30071. DOI: 10.34172/bi.30071 — https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/39963574/

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Three growing literatures, one reading room — each study pressed and labeled here, sold by no one and prescribed by no one.