Research digest — citations

References: The Peer-Reviewed Literature Behind This Digest

Every quantitative claim on this site traces to one of the studies below. DOIs and PubMed URLs for direct source access.

BPC-157 TB-500 GHK-Cu
Ref Authors Title Journal Year Component Links
[1] Hsieh MJ, Liu HT, Wang CN, et al. Therapeutic potential of pro-angiogenic BPC157 is associated with VEGFR2 activation and up-regulation Journal of Molecular Medicine (Berlin) 2017 BPC-157
[2] Hsieh MJ, Lee CH, Chueh HY, et al. Modulatory effects of BPC 157 on vasomotor tone and the activation of Src-Caveolin-1-endothelial nitric oxide synthase pathway Scientific Reports 2020 BPC-157
[3] Chang CH, Tsai WC, Hsu YH, Pang JH Pentadecapeptide BPC 157 enhances the growth hormone receptor expression in tendon fibroblasts Molecules 2014 BPC-157
[4] Krivic A, Anic T, Seiwerth S, Huljev D, Sikiric P Achilles detachment in rat and stable gastric pentadecapeptide BPC 157: Promoted tendon-to-bone healing and opposed corticosteroid aggravation Journal of Orthopaedic Research 2006 BPC-157
[5] Ilic S, Drmic D, Franjic S, et al. Pentadecapeptide BPC 157 and its effects on a NSAID toxicity model: diclofenac-induced gastrointestinal, liver, and encephalopathy lesions Life Sciences 2011 BPC-157
[6] Huang T, Zhang K, Sun L, et al. Body protective compound-157 enhances alkali-burn wound healing in vivo and promotes proliferation, migration, and angiogenesis in vitro Drug Design, Development and Therapy 2015 BPC-157
[7] He L, Feng D, Guo H, et al. Pharmacokinetics, distribution, metabolism, and excretion of body-protective compound 157 in rats and dogs Frontiers in Pharmacology 2022 BPC-157
[8] Cerovecki T, Bojanic I, Brcic L, et al. Pentadecapeptide BPC 157 (PL 14736) improves ligament healing in the rat Journal of Orthopaedic Research 2010 BPC-157
[9] Philp D, Kleinman HK Animal studies with thymosin beta, a multifunctional tissue repair and regeneration peptide Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences 2010 TB-500
[10] Malinda KM, Sidhu GS, Mani H, et al. Thymosin beta4 accelerates wound healing Journal of Investigative Dermatology 1999 TB-500
[11] Philp D, Goldstein AL, Kleinman HK Thymosin beta4 promotes angiogenesis, wound healing, and hair follicle development Mechanisms of Ageing and Development 2004 TB-500
[12] Gao X, Liang H, Hou F, et al. Thymosin Beta-4 Induces Mouse Hair Growth PLoS One 2015 TB-500
[13] Philp D, St-Surin S, Cha HJ, et al. Thymosin beta 4 induces hair growth via stem cell migration and differentiation Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences 2007 TB-500
[14] Pickart L, Vasquez-Soltero JM, Margolina A GHK Peptide as a Natural Modulator of Multiple Cellular Pathways in Skin Regeneration BioMed Research International 2015 GHK-Cu
[15] Pickart L, Margolina A Regenerative and Protective Actions of the GHK-Cu Peptide in the Light of the New Gene Data International Journal of Molecular Sciences 2018 GHK-Cu
[16] Maquart FX, Pickart L, Laurent M, et al. Stimulation of collagen synthesis in fibroblast cultures by the tripeptide-copper complex glycyl-L-histidyl-L-lysine-Cu2+ FEBS Letters 1988 GHK-Cu
[17] Wang X, Liu B, Xu Q, et al. GHK-Cu-liposomes accelerate scald wound healing in mice by promoting cell proliferation and angiogenesis Wound Repair and Regeneration 2017 GHK-Cu
[18] Pyo HK, Yoo HG, Won CH, et al. The effect of tripeptide-copper complex on human hair growth in vitro Archives of Pharmaceutical Research 2007 GHK-Cu
[19] Goldstein AL, Hannappel E, Sosne G, Kleinman HK Thymosin beta4: a multi-functional regenerative peptide. Basic properties and clinical applications Expert Opinion on Biological Therapy 2012 TB-500
[20] Brcic L, Brcic I, Staresinic M, et al. Modulatory effect of gastric pentadecapeptide BPC 157 on angiogenesis in muscle and tendon healing Journal of Physiology and Pharmacology 2009 BPC-157
[21] McGuire FP, Martinez R, Lenz A, Skinner L, Cushman DM Regeneration or Risk? A Narrative Review of BPC-157 for Musculoskeletal Healing Current Reviews in Musculoskeletal Medicine 2025 BPC-157
[22] Sikiric P, Seiwerth S, Rucman R, et al. Stable gastric pentadecapeptide BPC 157: novel therapy in gastrointestinal tract Current Pharmaceutical Design 2011 BPC-157
[23] Pickart L, Vasquez-Soltero JM, Margolina A The Effect of the Human Peptide GHK on Gene Expression Relevant to Nervous System Function and Cognitive Decline Brain Sciences 2017 GHK-Cu
[24] Pickart L, Margolina A Regenerative and Protective Actions of the GHK-Cu Peptide in the Light of the New Gene Data [reconstitution/chemistry reference] International Journal of Molecular Sciences 2018 GHK-Cu
[25] Sikiric P, Blagaic AB, Strbe S, et al. The Stable Gastric Pentadecapeptide BPC 157 Pleiotropic Beneficial Activity and Its Possible Relations with Neurotransmitter Activity Pharmaceuticals (Basel) 2024 BPC-157
[26] Mortazavi SM, Mohammadi Vadoud SA, Moghimi HR Topically applied GHK as an anti-wrinkle peptide: Advantages, problems and prospective Bioimpacts 2024 GHK-Cu
[R4] Nguyen J, Verma S, Vuong VT, et al. Engineered Tandem Thymosin Peptide Promotes Corneal Wound Healing Investigative Ophthalmology and Visual Science 2025 TB-500
[R5] Seiwerth S, Milavic M, Vukojevic J, et al. Stable Gastric Pentadecapeptide BPC 157 and Wound Healing Frontiers in Pharmacology 2021 BPC-157